With the improvements in modern day technology the yardage on a Golf course is now either calculated with a laser device or with a golf GPS. The laser device used to be the most popular however over the last 2-3 years the GPS has emerged and has been very popular. Years and years ago the distance used to either be paced out or measured with a measuring wheel, and this lead to a lot of innaccuracy.
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With a tape measure.
Actually, while some course owners can and sometimes do use the old fashioned "tape measure", most will have the distance of the hole measured using modern laser instruments. The course architect will provide this information when the course is built or redesigned, etc.
When a course is being "rated" by the USGA, or more commonly the State Golf Association where the course is located, the rating committee will actually visit the course, inspect it, play it, and in many cases take along a "laser" range finder and simply measure the hole from the back of the tee box, down the fairway, to the center of the green to verify that the hole is indeed as "long" as the scorecard says it is.