All Golf clubs are measured in inches. Just a shaft is simply measured top to bottom. When a golf club is assembled, with a head and grip, an iron is measured from the top butt end of the grip to the bottom of the hosel. When a wood is being measured it should be measured to the closest point of the sole to the hosel.
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It's hard to explain but I'm going to try my best. Try any IRON of the same number but different sizes. Place your club in your hand with the correct grip as if your about to hit a golf club and stay in your posture. Let some one else look at your club face and he has to see if the clubs flange (bottom of the club, the first thing that touches the grass) is completely flat agains the ground. If the club is to long then that means that the toe of the club is lifted up and if the club is to short then that means that the neck of the club is lifted up.
You take the grip and tape off the club, then you either use a circular saw blade to trim the shaft or use a specialist shaft cutter to take off the desired length. Then just regrip the club as normal.
Measure from the top of the inside of your wrist, basicaly where your wrist and hand meet, measure from there to the ground. I know I am 38" inches from wrist to floor so that tells me that I need at least +1/2" or 1" in length and at least 1* in lie adjustment.
It is suggested that you get your club pro to do it. To DIY you would remove the grip and grip tape residue, measure how much you want to take off it, mark it, and using a circular saw begin to cut it turning the shaft as you go to get an even cut, then simply put a new grip on.
Measure it with a loft/lie measuring gauge.
Or you can try the following method using a carpenter's square and a measuring tape to measure the angle of the shaft when the face is vertical.
Note: The geometry is right, but that doesn't mean doing it by hand will give results accurate to a degree.
Depends on the Club. Lower number clubs have a longer shaft, and a more vertical face.