"Bird" was a slang term for 'good' in the 19th century and so a great shot on the Golf course became known as a 'bird', which then turned into 'birdie'. It was used for any under-par score at first. Then, 'eagle' was added to maintain the avian theme and it differentiated a shot of two under par, from the 'birdie', which was one under par. An extremely rare three under par shot is now called an 'albatross' (aka 'double eagle').
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