There are primarily 3 types of wedges, Pitching, Sand and Lob. A Pitching wedge has about 46-48 degrees of loft, a Sand wedge has about 54-56 degrees of loft and a lob wedge has about 58- even 64 degrees. Depending on player preference they can have low or high bounce which can assist getting out of the sand and help when playing certain types of course, if you have a low bounce club on soggy turf you may go under the ball easier, not getting proper contact. There are also gap wedges which are designed to fit between the Pitching and Sand wedge, at about 50 or 52 degrees.
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A sand wedge is one of the shortest clubs in the bag, it would be around 35.5 inches long. It has a face which is almost always a blade shape, not a cavity back. The bottom of the club usually has a lot of bounce, which prevents the club from digging, and helps get the ball out of bunkers easier. The loft of a sand wedge is either 54 or 56 degrees depending on manufacturer. The faces on modern day sand wedges has deep u grooves and spin milled faces which provide a lot more spin.
An A wedges, usually called wither an attack wedge or approach wedge has around 50-52 degrees of loft, whereas a pitching wedge has about 46-48 degrees of loft. The attack wedge and pitching wedge have the same amount of bounce on them, but it depends or specification and manufacturer. They both have the same length shaft, yet, again it depends on manufacturer and specification.
The main difference is loft a pitching wedge has about 46-48 degrees of loft and a sandwedge has about 54-56 degrees of loft. The pitching wedge therefore can be hit farther.
A pitching wedge is usually 46 or 48 degrees, and sandwedge is usually either 54 or 56 degrees.
A gap wedge (or approach wedge) is used to hit shots with a higher and shorter trajectory than a pitching wedge and lower and longer trajectory than a sand wedge.
Not very well. In a pinch you could use a wedge in a situation where you'd normally use a sand wedge, if you didn't have a sand wedge, but it probably wouldn't work as well.