Many MLB teams also have their last names on their jerseys as well, but not, for example the NY Yankees.
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When baseball uniform numbers first became common in the late 1920s, numbers were assigned based simply on the batting order: Babe Ruth wore #3 and Lou Gehrig wore #4, for example.
As of today, numbers are assigned to players by teams. Players can choose an available number for just about any reason they want, or they can simply take whatever the team offers them. Teams usually just assign them randomly, although there are GENERAL rules that better players get lower numbers, pitchers always get a number over 30, and rookies get a very high number.
If an existing player on a team has a number that a new player wants, the latter can only ask for it -- and, in some cases, pay for it.
Teams have retired numbers as a way of saying, "Nobody else will ever be worthy of wearing the same number as this great player." The Yankees, for example, have retired 19 such numbers.
They can wear from 0-99, Major League Baseball won't issue uniforms that have triple digit numbers.
Players wear Red Jerseys in practice to signify to the other players that they should not be hit. Normally, the Red Jerseys are worn by the quarterbacks. Depending on what drills the team is working on other players like, running backs and wide receivers may also don the RED.
Most baseball teams today wear different combinations. The Red Sox have white jerseys, gray jerseys, blue jerseys and red jerseys (which they usually wear on Sundays and afternoons). Many teams have multiple cap styles, too.
It tends to be a matter of home team etiquette overcoming blatant commercial advertising of a player's name. Teams like the Red Sox and Dodgers and Yankees (the Red Sox are the only one I can name for sure) don't put the names of the players on the home jerseys, probably because the hometown faithful are expected to know who they are. On the road jerseys, however, their names are listed, as is the case with any teams that have blank home jerseys that I know of. **** Correction. The Yankees do not have their names on their home jerseys OR their away jerseys.
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