The "Forward progress rule" was implemented well before 2012. It had been implemented in 1906 and changed in 1932, 1972, and most recently 1988 which brings us to today's rule. A long time ago a runner's "forward progress" was not considered stopped until he hit the ground. Today it is a judgement call by officials when they believe the runner can no longer advance the football any further.
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He did not rule
The obstacles that slowed progress toward democracy for some African nations was civil war, military rule, or corrupt dictators.
Proper flag etiquette is that when an object is stationary the union is in the upper left corner. When an object is apt to be in motion (such as an airplane or person) the union leads in the direction of travel. Therefore, if the patch is on the left shoulder, or left side of the tail, the union is in the upper left. Conversely, if on the right side, the union goes to the upper right. This is an unwritten rule, aside from the military context of formal regulation as in AR670-1. Many police officers are veterans, and the progressive ones realize the importance of portraying the flag as moving forward; forward progress, moving forward, leading, etc.
The Tudors never ruled Britain, they were monarchs of England.
The phrase checking powers is actually quite straight-forward. Checking powers means that you make sure that one power does not rule over another.