He converted a short time before his first fight with Sonny Liston in 1964, but kept it quiet until after he won the title, because Elijah Muhammad didn't want to associate himself with Clay (as he was known at the time) in case Liston humiliated him (as many thought was gonna happen).
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He converted months before winning the heavyweight title in feb 1964.
Elijah Muhammad didn't want to be associated with him unless he defeated sonny liston for the title, which Elijah didn't think he could, although Malcolm X wanted him to.
after ali won the title, Elijah "stole" him away from Malcolm.