Judo was based of a martial art called Jujitsu which was taught to the samurai that fought in Japan a long time ago. Jigoro Kano is credited as the founder of judo. He took out the moves that required strength and the eye gouging and transformed Judo into a sport. In 1882 he opened the worlds first judo academy.
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Judo was invented in meiji 15 (1882) by Dr Jigoro Kano. He derived it from jujitsu, basically taking all the life treatening parts out, so that it contains tachji waza (standing techniques), newaza (lying techniques), kansetsu waza (joint manipulation technoques), shime waza (stangling techniques), kata (pre-arranged forms) and randori (free practice), forming the most gentle of Martial Arts judo (gentle way or the road to gentleness). In 1964 it was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Tokyo Olympic games. Interestingly Tokyo is where judo was invented.
The Kodokan was founded in 1882, and that year is accepted as the year that Judo was introduced.