In my karate, we do a type of karate called Tang so doo. There is also Taekwondo, which is more action while Tang So Doo is more defensive. There are forms and different types of defence rules and you learn the proper kicks like round kick, side kick and front snap kick. There is basically two sides to karate training, katas and kumite. Katas are a predefined sequence of movements against an imaginary opponent and kumite is the practice of individual moves. This can be done in pairs ippon and ju ippon kumite or by ones self. A lesson can also include sparing, self defence and other exercises
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Things vary from school to school. You must learn a certain amount of moves, (ex. kicks, katas, kumites ect.).
Some schools are very formal in their testing and others are more relaxed. Some go before a panel of graders, in others a single instructor evaluates the two items.
To advance in karate you have to do a grading. To advance to some belts it can take only a few months where other belts can take years.
Practice your moves for at least 2 hrs a day. Try doing yoga. Go for a 30 min run everyday. Go to school without a jacket to tough it out.
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You have to meet the requirements of your style or school. And you have to show the proper attitude and discipline. People that are only interested in promotion are not going to do well.
Practice your kata every day. Work on stretching. Aerobic exercise on a regular basis and attend class whenever you can.
You have to study for many, many years. Most understand that there is no end to learning. A master in the art is usually in their 70's or older.