simple ramps, sleds, and leversthey also made carving tools and invented the sails and boat docks
It is a fixed pulley
He had the caravel which has 3 sails.
That depends how fast it sails. If it sails with a speed of 25 knots -which I doubt-, it will take one hour. A more typical speed for that kind of vessel would be 8 knots, and then the trip would take a little over three hours.
A flagpole is a pulley.
Single movable pulley
Lanteen sails
Sail kind of to the side/diagonal of them.
No, a pencil sharpener is not a kind of pulley. A pencil sharpener is a tool used to sharpen pencils, while a pulley is a simple machine that consists of a wheel on an axle, used for lifting and moving objects.
The kind of pulley attached directly to the object being moved is known as a fixed pulley. It acts as a redirection point for the rope or cable, changing the direction of the force applied. However, it does not provide any mechanical advantage.
depends on the kind of boat :)
Not sure exactly what you mean but I presume you are asking how a sail boat is able to sail in a direction other than with the wind. When the boat is sailing directly downwind (called running) the sails are set roughly perpendicular to the boats direction and work a bit like a parachute, the wind basically just pushes the boat along. As the boat turns upwind (towards the direction the wind is coming from) the sails are pulled more towards the centre line and start to work more like a wing on a plane. When the wind is coming from an angle behind (called a broad reach) the sails are part parachute and part wing. When the wind is coming straight over the side of the boat (called beam reach) they cease to work like a parachute. When the boat is sailing at about 35-45% degrees from straight into the wind (as close as you can get to the wind, called close hauled) the sails are nearly parallel to the hull and working completely like a wing. They generate lift which is about 95% sideways and about 5% forwards. Since the boat has a keel (like a big fin on the bottom) it will not want to go sideways so it goes forwards and keels over on an angle.