Wing Chun is the martial art that Bruce Lee studied. It is a close in system that is very effective. It is the one that is likely to have been the origins of the term "Chinese Boxing" because of how similar it looked to the Englishmen.
Wing Chun is introduced very well in this article by Grand Master Chu Shong Tin
http://www.vingtsun.com.hk/article/article02.htm
http://www.vingtsun.com.hk/article/article03.htm
however if you do not want to read the two articles then here is something about it.
Wing Chun does not use brute strength or depend on it in any way so there is no need to do weights. also it can generate incredible force at a very close range. it also attacks and defends at the same time. there are 3 levels.
the beginner uses one hand to defend and one hand to attack at the same time.
the intermediate uses one hand to defend and one hand to attack at the same time but the hand that deflects upsets the opponent's balance as well just by touching him(this can take a whole article to explain but in short words its done by relaxing your body).
the advanced uses one hand to defend and attack at the same time. also his hand upsets his opponent's hand upon impact.
this is a video about force demonstration in Wing Chun.
http://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=l7wDsaMsypk
these are two videos on structure demonstration in Wing Chun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wm5YhUjqCo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjzR10CwJeA&feature=related
this video is to show that Wing Chun can be used by women for self defence.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BQPYHz8Qxw&feature=related
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Not sure if its the most effective, but its one of the most effective. There are some other highly effective forms of martial arts, like Krav Maga and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. Wing Chun works at all ranges, excelling at close range, so you dont have to worry about what happens when your apponent gets close enough to punch, grab, etc. Wing chun has the most effective blocking techinques, and try ( usually secedes ) at moving in to get at 'trapping' range (close range), always attacking when the opponent is not. So if one uses the techniques properly and beneficently, then it truly will be the most effective marital art.
There are many different styles of martial arts all of which have some influence from the region they came from. Taekwondo incorporates the Northern style based Chinese form of martial arts(MA).
Tai Chi Chuan (Which I"m currently taking) Pa Kua Chang Hsing I Wing Chun (maybe). All Kung Fu styles can be practiced into old age if one starts early, but for those starting at an older age I recommend one of the above. If someone is going to take Tai Chi Chuan, though, make sure that it is combat oriented and taught by a reputable master.
Depends on the martial art. Most techniques are named in the language of the country that the martial art originated from. * Tai Chi and Kung Fu are Chinese. * Karate is in Japanese/Okinawan. * Tae Kwon Do and Hapkido are in Korean.
All styles of martial arts do.