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Sprints in the Olympics have traditionally been 100 meters or 2 lengths of an Olympic-sized pool. That is why the sprint for most strokes is 100 meters, not 50. The 50 meter race was only introduced in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. So it can be viewed as a halved version of a traditional sprint.

There actually was a 50 yard race in the 1904 St. Louis Olympics. Swimmers swam the race in an articifial lake in Forest Park. Converting 50 yards to meters, we find that the race was only 45.72 meters. Hungarian swimmer, Zoltan Halmaj, won the race after a re-swim due to a contested outcome the first time the race was swum. According to accounts, the first race was actually not that close, but, after a fight ensued over the outcome, the re-swim was suggested. Halmaj won both times. That was the last time a race of 50 yards or meters was swum in an Olympics until it was reintroduced in 1988.

At the time of the reintroduction, the 50 was really just a fun experiment. Since it is only 1 lap of the pool, it is essentially a mad dash from one side to the other. Swimmers in this ultra short event often differ in times by only hundredths of a second. This makes it among the most exciting events in all of swimming. Almost without fail, the race is wildly close.

It should also be noted that the term freestyle means that swimmers can actually swim any stroke they want. So a swimmer could theoretically swim butterfly or backstroke instead of crawl. However, most swimmers choose the fastest stroke: the crawl.

Another important note is that many international meets, such as FINA World Aquatics Championships and FINA Short Course World Championships (also called FINA World Swimming Championships (25m), do have 50 meter butterfly, backstroke and breaststroke events.

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