Callaway brand bags are some of the most durable available.
I have found the ECCO Golf Ace Hydromax to be durable.
There are several brands that have special lines for golf clubs equipment. Nike has their own that is called NIke Golf, the most famous user of that line being Tiger Woods. Callaway is another famous brand.
By the rules. 14 clubs
Putter, then driver, then wedges.
The Club Glove Golf Travel Bag is extra large.
No it doesn't. Most times we golfers find a bag we like that has the pockets, storage areas, etc. and throw our clubs in it. It may be a Titelist bag and have Calloway clubs in it. That goes for the pros also. Usually they use a bag with their sponsor's logo, but they play another sponsor's clubs.
Spalding
Probably ebay.
Any distance golf ball should be more durable and less expensive then most other types of golf balls. They are made with two layers and are hallow in the center which makes them less expensive and yet durable.
Any quality brand will definitely be much more durable than cheaper brands.
Most golf clubs offer golf repair services as well as stores such as Golf Galaxy, Golf Headquarters. etc.