Quartz.
Olivine
Amethyst is a mineral, a form of quartz.
That depends on which form of the mineral. Some minerals have several forms, and the densities vary as the form does.
In its natural form, argon is a gas, not a mineral!
Amethyst, a form of quartz, is in the silicate mineral group.
Olivine
Higher silica contents will be in the igneous rocks that form with lower temps. Ones that form earlier in the series like olivine have lower percentages of silica.
Bowens' Reaction Series measures the melting points of various silicate minerals, with the ones with highest melting points at the top. So as a completely moltenmagma containing all these minerals cools down, the first to crystallise are:ABOUT 1400 CELSIUSOlivinePyroxene (e.g. augite)Amphibole (e.g. hornblende)Biotite micaOrthoclase feldsparMuscovite micaSilica (e.g. quartz).ABOUT 800 CELSIUSNotice I've deliberately left out plagioclase feldspar because plagioclases of different composition crystallise out at different temperatures. Calcium-rich plagioclase crystallises out at about the same temperature as olivine (mineral 1), but sodium-rich plagioclase crystallises out about the same temperature as biotite mica (mineral 4). All plagioclase crystallises out at a higher temperature than orthoclase (mineral 5).So in answer to your question the first minerals to form as a magma cools are olivine and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, at around 1400 Celsius.
The color of a mineral in powdered form is called the mineral's Streak
Water is not a mineral but water does form minerals.
Streak
Amethyst is a mineral, a form of quartz.
Sodium tends to form ionic compounds.
Sapphire is a form of the mineral corundum.
Two processes involving solutions that form a mineral:- precipitation- dissolution
By knowledge
That depends on which form of the mineral. Some minerals have several forms, and the densities vary as the form does.