Assuming that you know what the situations referred to mean, the signals an umpire should use to indicate a decision or penalty follow. Note: unless otherwise stated, signals are done standing still, facing the centre of the field/back to the nearest outline, and palms open.
Time signals:
General signals:
These signals are used to indicate what the offence was or why the call is given. They should be done after the decision signal if there is any doubt about why the call was made. A vocal (spoken) signal is just as effective as these - both in combination is even better.
Never. There are no Umpires nor are there Penalty Strokes in hockey.
Two mounted umpires, and another on the sidelines.
The current top governing body of international field hockey is the Federation Internationale d'Hockey, or the FIH for short. Each country in the Federation also has its own national governing body, each region has its own association, and beneath this are the associated clubs and teams under their responsibility. An individual game of hockey is controlled by two umpires on the field, and (especially in tournaments) an additional third umpire with varying responsibilities. The umpires control timing of the game, ensure the following of the rules and issue penalties where required.
An umpire should point in the direction that the team is going that has been awarded the free hit.
There are 2 goal umpires, one at each end, 2 boundary umpires, one for each side of the field, and 4 field umpires. I believe some of the state leagues may have only 3 field umpires, but not 100% sure on that.
There are two field umpires, each controlling roughly a third of the field and cooperating on the rest. Most tournaments and some normal matches will also have a reserve umpire who is in charge of any off-field officiating.
field hockey
field hockey
Reserve umpires keep the score and backup time, keep an eye on the dugouts and teams, record any information about substitutions and scoring, record times and durations of cards, and watch any suspended players. Then if one of the onfield umpires is injured or removed from the game, they can take over for them.
13, plus 2 umpires
Turf hockey is field hockey.
It means nothing in field hockey.