Did Lenin believe in a historically determined nature of revolution?

Answer 1

Absolutely not. True Marxian theory was that a proletariat of industrial workers had to form and become large enough and politically aware enough to seize the means of production from their owners. Then they would institute a period of socialism before communism.

Lenin believed that by seizing the government he could impose that period of socialism on the country by force. Russia had no Marxian proletariat because Russia was not an industrialized country. It would have taken decades for a true industrial proletariat to arise in Russia and Lenin did not want to wait for it to happen before he could take control of the country.