In College Football, the rule for a missed field goal to the kicker's left is called wide left and conversely wide right if it misses to the kicker's right. It is described as short if it is aimed correctly but does not have the distance to go over the cross bar.
I', pretty sure it's at the spot of the kick
In the NFL, the ball will be placed at the spot of the hold after a missed field goal. If the kick took place from inside the 20, the ball is moved out to the 20. In college football, the opposing team gets the ball from the original line of scrimmage.
Yes.
Scott Norwood missed the field goal in the 1991 SuperBowl
Except in desperate situations, a team will generally attempt a field goal only when keeping a drive alive is unlikely, and their kicker has a significant chance of success, as a missed field goal results in a turnover at the spot of the kick in the NFL; in the NCAA it's at the spot of the snap.
At the 20 yard line
Yes
Yes you can return it for two points
Assuming you're talking about a missed field goal attempt in American football, the usual term is "no good," accompanied by "wide right," "wide left" or "short." However, "missed field goal" is also acceptable language, and sometimes that phrase is used in a box score or a stat sheet.
Because it would be a sixty yard field goal, and only a handful of college kickers can make it from there.
No. In NFL football, once a ball hits the uprights (goal post), whether from a pass or a missed field goal or a punt, it is out of play.
Only if they make it. If they make it; it counts as a field goal attempt and a field goal make. If it is missed, it does not count as a missed field goal.