an error is only charged if the runner reaches base because of the mistake when they should have been out.
no
By noting E-x (x being the player who commited the error) and then drawing the line to the base the player advanced. An example would be E-6 (an error on the SS), or in the case of a dropped throw, 6-E3, SS throws the first, but first baseman dropped the throw that would have resulted in the putout.
No it is no
coolant pumps pump the liquad throw the engine and back into the Radiator
Double Pole Double Throw
throw new Throwable(); or throw new Error("Danger will Robinson!"); or throw new NullPointerException(); etc.
Mental errors usually aren't scored as errors. If he fields the play cleanly, but simply does not make a throw it would in all likelihood go as a base hit.
If the fielder catches the ball and, during the motion of reaching into the glove to grab the ball to throw, the ball drops to the ground the batter is called out. As long as the fielder has complete control of the ball before attempting to throw, the umpire will call the batter out.
No, the catcher (or any other player) can choose not to throw to a base at any time, regardless of whether a runner is going there. If the catcher knows he can't get a stealing runner out, he will most likely not throw to avoid the risk of an error.
Error on the throw
The error will be on the person who was to cover the based. this is as long as the person who was to cover the base could have gotten the ball. If in fact there is nobody there to receive the ball, then it would be ruled a throwing error. Offical baseball rules section 10.13(e) The Official Scorer section.An error shall be charged against any fielder whose failure to stop, or try to stop, an accurately thrown ball that permits a runner to advance, providing there was occasion for the throw. If such throw be made to second base, the scorer shall determine whether it was the duty of the second baseman or the shortstop to stop the ball, and an error shall be charged to the negligent player. Note: If in the scorer's judgment there was no occasion for the throw, an error whall be charged to the fielder who threw the ball.
A free throw usually occurs when any player is fouled by a player of the opposing team.